Blood
Blood is a red colored fluid connective tissue that consists of plasma and different cells. It circulates throughout our body delivering nutrients and oxygen to various cells and tissues of our body.
Components of blood
Blood consists of Plasma and Blood cells
Plasma
Plasma is a transparent yellowish liquid in which different types of blood cells float. It constitutes about 55% of the total volume in human blood. It consists 90% water and 10% solute dissolve in it. The substances dissolve in it are salt, glucose, hormone, protein, gases, etc.
Functions of plasma
- It transport digested food products to various parts of the body like organs, tissues and cells.
- The hormone secreted by endocrine gland is transported to target organs by Plasma.
- The protein (fibrin) in Plasma helps in blood clotting.
- Its transports the various metabolic waste materials of the body from the tissues to their respective excretory organs for the elimination.
Blood cells
There are three different types of blood cells they are
Red Blood Cell(RBC)
RBC is biconcave cells without nucleus. RBC is red in color due to presence of oxygenated hemoglobin. They are formed inside bone marrow. RBC transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and all parts of the body. Lack of RBC in human body causes anemia. They get destroyed in the liver and spleen.
White Blood Cell(WBC)
They are colorless irregular shaped blood cells having nuclei. They have nucleus with various shapes and sizes. They are formed in a white bone marrow and lymph nodes. WBC mainly contributes to immunity and defense mechanism. They get destroyed in the liver, spleen or the site of infection.
Platelets
Platelets are specialized blood cells produced from bone marrow which helps in clotting when there is bleeding or hemorrhage.
Blood vessels
On the basis of functions there are three types of blood vessels, they are
Arteries
Arteries are the blood vessels which carry oxygenated(pure) blood from heart to the different parts of the body except pulmonary artery which carry de-oxygenated (impure) blood from heart to lungs for purification. They are thick walled blood vessels in which blood pressure is very high. Since the pressure of blood in arteries are very high so they are deep seated in our body. No valve in the arteries are present.
Veins
Veins are the blood vessels which carry de-oxygenated(impure) blood from different parts of the body to heart except pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated(pure) blood from lungs to heart. They are thin walled in which blood pressure is low. Since the pressure of blood in veins are low so they are superficial with valves in it.
Capillaries
Capillaries are the fine network of blood vessels which connects arteries to the veins. The exchange of oxygen, nutrients , carbon dioxide and waste products takes place between capillaries and cells.
Heart
Size of our heart is equal to size of our fist. It is surrounded by double membranous structure known as pericardium. The pericardium has a pericardial cavity which is filled with pericardial fluid. The major functions of pericardial fluid are,
- It protects the heart from shocks and injury.
- It reduces the friction during the time of heart beating.
Internal structure of the heart
Heart is divided into two halves that are right and left by septa. Further each halves is divided into two chambers upper auricle and lower ventricle. Altogether there are four chambers in heart. Four chambers of heart with their functions are listed below,
Chambers of the heart
- Right auricle: – It receives de-oxygenated (impure) blood from different parts of the body and pumps it into right ventricle.
- Right ventricle: – It receives de-oxygenated (impure) blood from right auricle and pumps it into lungs for purification.
- Left auricle: – It receives oxygenated (pure) blood from lungs and pumps it into left ventricle.
- Left ventricle: – It receives oxygenated (pure) blood from left auricle and pumps it into different parts of the body.
Blood vessels in the heart
Blood enters and leaves from the heart with different blood vessels. Some of them are listed below,
- Superior and inferior venacava: These are the large veins which sends the de-oxygenated (impure) blood from different parts of the body to right auricle.
- Pulmonary veins:- Two pairs of pulmonary veins are connected from lungs to heart one pair from each lungs. These are the blood vessels which sends oxygenated (pure) blood from lungs to left auricle.
- Pulmonary arteries:- Two pulmonary arteries are connected from lungs to heart one from each lungs. These are the blood vessels which sends de-oxygenated (impure) blood from right ventricles to lungs for purification.
- Aorta:- Aorta is the main artery which sends oxygenated (pure) blood from left ventricle to different parts of the body.
Valves in the heart
Heart valves are the parts of heart which makes blood to flow in one way direction. Due to presence of valve in a heart blood cannot flows backward. There are four types of valve in a human heart. They are as follows
- Right atrioventricular valve or tricuspid valve:- This valve is present in between right auricle and right ventricle. It prevents the back flow of blood from right ventricle to right auricle.
- Left atrioventricular valve or Bicuspid or Mitral valve:- This valve is present in between left auricle and left ventricle. It prevents the back flow of blood from left ventricle to left auricle.
- Pulmonic valve or Pulmonary valve:- This valve is present in between right ventricle and pulmonary artery. It prevents back flow of blood from pulmonary artery to right ventricle.
- Aortic valve:- This valve is present in between left ventricle and the aorta. It prevents the back flow of valve from aorta to left ventricle.
Blood circulation in the human body
Blood circulation is the process in which blood circulates throughout the body delivering oxygen and nutrients to different cells of our body. Generally blood circulation occurs between heart and lungs, and heart and remaining part of the body except lungs. There are two types of blood circulation in our body, they are as follows
Systemic circulation
The circulation of blood which occurs between heart and different parts of the body except lungs is known as systemic circulation. In this circulation oxygenated (pure) blood from left ventricle passes to different parts of the body through aorta and right auricle receives de-oxygenated (impure) blood from different parts of the body through superior and inferior veanacava.
Pulmonary circulation
The circulation of blood which occurs between heart and lungs is known as pulmonary circulation. In this circulation de-oxygenated (impure) blood from right ventricle passes to lungs for purification through pulmonary arteries and left auricle receives oxygenated (pure) blood from lungs through pulmonary veins.
Blood pressure
Pressure exerted by blood on the wall of arteries is known as blood pressure. There are two types of blood pressure they are
- Systolic pressure:- The pressure exerted by blood on the wall of arteries during ventricular contraction is known as Systolic pressure. The normal systolic pressure is 120 mm of Hg.
- Diastolic pressure:- The pressure exerted by blood on the wall of arteries during ventricular relaxation is known as diastolic pressure. The normal diastolic pressure is 80 mm of Hg.
Sphygmomanometer is the instrument which helps to measure blood pressure. The normal blood pressure in a human body is 120/80 mm of Hg. When the blood pressure reading in Sphygmomanometer rises above 140/90 mm of Hg, this condition of blood pressure is known as high blood pressure or hypertension. Symptoms of high blood pressure are,
- Abnormal heart beating
- Serve headaches
- Anxiety
- Vomiting
- Dizziness
- Blurred vision
- Pain in chest
- Nose bleeding
Causes of high blood pressure
- High blood pressure may caused due to unhealthy lifestyle such as not doing proper exercise.
- High blood pressure may caused due to regular drinking of alcohol.
- High blood pressure may caused due to continuous smoking.
- High blood pressure may caused due to mental tension.
- High blood pressure may caused due to excessive salt in a daily food.
- High blood pressure may caused due to obesity or heavy weight.
Preventive measures of the high blood pressure.
- We should avoid smoking.
- We should avoid drinking alcohol.
- We have to do regular exercise.
- We should avoid unnecessary mental tension.
- Amount of salt in everyday food should be controlled.
- We have to maintain our body weight.
Blood sugar
Blood sugar or blood glucose is the main sugar found in our blood and is our body’s primary source of energy. Our body breaks down most of the food into sugar and release it into our blood stream. When the blood sugar level in a blood stream goes up it signals our pancreas to release insulin hormone. Insulin is a hormone that helps the sugar get into our body cells to be used for energy. Diabetes is a condition in which sugar level in a blood stream is high.
Causes of diabetes
- It is caused due to insulin resistance
- It is caused due to damage of insulin producing cells of pancreas
- Unhealthy lifestyle may cause diabetes
- Sometime aging is also the cause of diabetes
- Sometime heredity is also the cause of diabetes
Symptoms of diabetes
- Hunger and fatigue
- Peeing more often and being thirstier
- Blurred vision
- Slow healing cuts
- Unplanned weightloss
- Being more thirsty than regular
- Have very dry and itchy skin
Preventive measures of diabetes
- Choosing a healthy lifestyle such as doing regular exercise and eating healthy foods
- Controlling body weight
- Avoiding unnecessary mental tensions
- Regular intake of green vegetables in our food
- Avoid drinking alocohol
- Avoid smoking
Heart attack
Heart receives and pumps blood continuously causing heart beats. To do all these work heart tissue (cardiac tissue) also needs blood. Due to some problems blood supply to the heart stops which causes heart to stop beating, it is called heart attack.
Coronary artery supplies blood to the cardiac tissue. When there occurs a deposit of fat or cholesterol called plaque on the wall of the coronary artery, the pathway for blood becomes narrower. Sometimes the plaque breaks into smaller pieces called thrombus. These thrombus block the supply of blood to certain parts of the heart causing heart to die.
Causes of heart attack
- High blood pressure
- High cholesterol
- Over smoking
- Over drinking alcohol
- Lack of healthy lifestyle
- Genetic history of heart attack
Symptoms of heart attack
- There is severe pain on the chest and the pain slowly spread towards shoulder, hands, throat and other organs
- Dizziness
- Fatigue
- Vomiting
- Sweating
Prevention of Heart attack
- Choose healthy lifestyle such as doing exercise and eating healthy foods.
- Avoid drinking alcohol, smoking and chewing tobacco.
- Maintain body weight.
- Avoid unnecessary tension.
Uric acid (Gout)
Uric acid is a waste product created during the normal breakdown of purines.
Purines:- purines are natural substance found in some foods.
Certain level of uric acid is required in human body. It helps to remove plaque collected on the walls of the blood vessels and toxic substances from our body.
The high concentration of uric acid in the blood will eventually convert the uric acid into urate crystals and then accumulate around the joints. Needle like urate crystals are responsible for the inflammation and the pain in the joints. This condition is called Gout.
Symptoms of Gout
- Intense joint pain that is most severe in the first 12 to 24 hours.
- Joint pain spreads to more joints over time.
- Severe pain inside muscles .
- Redness, tenderness and swelling of the joints.
Causes of Gout
- Intake of more amounts of foods containing purines.
- Having kidney problems caused by other disease like diabetes.
- Drinking too much alcohol and taking less amount of water.
Prevention of Gout
- Avoid eating too much foods containing purines
- Avoid drinking alcohol
- Drink plenty of water
Angiography
Angiography is a type of X-ray used to check the region of obstruction in blood vessels.
Blood vessels do not show clearly on the normal X-ray, so a special dye called a contrast agent needs to be injected into our blood vessels which highlights our blood vessels allowing doctors to see obstruction in blood vessels.
The X-ray images created during Angiography are called angiograms.
Coronary artery bypass surgery
It is an emergency surgery at the time of heart attack called open heart surgery. In this process surgeon takes a healthy blood vessels from other organs to the heart for new path to supply blood to the heart.
Blood group
Blood group is a classification of blood on the basis of presence or absence of antigens in RBCs and antibodies in blood plasma. The antigens are designated by English alphabets A and B and antibodies as a and b.
On the basis of presence and absence of antigens and antibodies four type of blood group have been designated as A,B,AB and O. This type of blood grouping is called as ABO blood grouping system.
ABO blood grouping system.
- If a person’s blood has antigen A in the RBC and antibody b in the plasma, the person has blood group A.
- If a person’s blood has antigen B in the RBC and antibody a in the plasma, the person has blood group B.
- If a person’s blood has antigen A and B in the RBC and no antibody in the plasma, the person has blood group AB.
- If a person’s blood has no antigen in RBC and antibodies a and b in the plasma, the person has blood group O.
Thanks you sir it’s help me a lot to do well 🤗❤️
Thank you so much sir it’s help for us